: The radiation hits water molecules in the cell, creating reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that then attack the DNA.

: Different tissues have inherent differences in how they respond to radiation. For example, lymphocytes and bone marrow are highly sensitive, while muscle and nerve tissues are more resistant. 3. High-LET vs. Low-LET Radiation

: Modern techniques like IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy) and Proton Therapy allow physicists to conform the dose strictly to the tumor, sparing nearby healthy organs like the salivary glands or the liver. 2. The Biology: The "5 R’s" of Radiotherapy

Unlocking the Science of Healing: A Deep Dive into Basic Radiotherapy Physics and Biology

Radiotherapy primarily uses high-energy , such as X-rays, gamma rays, protons, and electrons. Unlike visible light, this radiation carries enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms, a process called ionization .