: Many couriers prefer self-employment for its flexibility and the right to refuse tasks [4, 30].
: Long hours and physically taxing work contribute to high levels of burnout and fatigue [1, 6, 9]. COURIERS
The digital transformation has introduced "crowdshipping" or platform-based courier work through apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Deliveroo [5, 10]. This shift has sparked a significant debate regarding employment status: : Many couriers prefer self-employment for its flexibility
The Digital Lifeline: Understanding the Modern Courier In an era of instant gratification and global connectivity, couriers have evolved from simple messengers into the critical "foot soldiers" of the internet revolution [16, 21]. Whether they are navigating urban traffic on a bicycle or managing long-haul logistics in a van, these professionals ensure the seamless flow of goods, documents, and even life-saving medical supplies [8, 11]. The Evolution of the Role This shift has sparked a significant debate regarding
: Critics argue that the self-employed model often leaves workers without traditional benefits or social protection [10, 30]. Challenges in the Field