: In 2024 and 2025, Free Trade Zones (FTZs) like Beijing and Shanghai introduced "negative lists". For example, Beijing's list covers specific data in the automobiles, medicine, retail, and AI sectors that must undergo strict review before export.
The Measures for the Certification of Outbound Personal Information Transfer became effective on January 1, 2026, completing the legal pathways for multinational corporations. : In 2024 and 2025, Free Trade Zones
Based on recent updates as of , Data and Regulatory Landscape in China (2025–2026) : In 2024 and 2025
China has significantly overhauled its data governance framework, moving from a period of "cracking down" to a more operational, structured regime. : In 2024 and 2025, Free Trade Zones