exchange in human lungs and waste removal in kidneys (dialysis) are complex mass-transfer processes [14, 16].
: Used for continuous contact equipment (like packed towers). It involves differential mass balances and transfer units, such as the Height of a Transfer Unit (HTU) and Number of Transfer Units (NTU) [4, 12, 32]. Industrial and Biological Applications Mass-transfer operations
: Just as temperature differences drive heat flow, concentration differences (or more accurately, chemical potential) drive mass transfer. exchange in human lungs and waste removal in