: Represented as a horse —spirited and tough. He excelled at adaptability but died young without a clear successor.
: A factor Strauss adds that represents the "luck" or guidance required for such immense success. The Five Stages of War Masters of Command: Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar...
: Mastery of battle tactics, operations, and broad political goals. : Represented as a horse —spirited and tough
Strauss tracks their campaigns through a chronological cycle of warfare: : The opening move and decision to fight. Masters of Command: Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar...
Strauss identifies ten traits that these commanders shared, though each displayed them in varying degrees:
: Viewed as a leopard —cunning and opportunistic. He was the master of tactical surprise but lacked a "Plan B" when Rome refused to surrender.