The Penetration Testing with Kali Linux (PWK) curriculum, leading to the OSCP certification, focuses on a structured approach covering reconnaissance, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, and post-exploitation. Key phases include using tools like Nmap for reconnaissance, exploiting vulnerabilities through methods like buffer overflows, escalating privileges to root or SYSTEM, and generating detailed remediation reports. Detailed information on the OSCP curriculum is available on the Offensive Security website.